![]() Mn is also directly involved in the physiological function of Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a cofactor to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxalate oxidase 3. For example, Mn activates more than 35 different enzymes such as chloroplast RNA-polymerase, and several enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and shikimic acid pathway 3. Mn possesses a wide variety of physiological functions in plant cells. With regard to terrestrial plants, Mn was first discovered in their ash, and McHargue 2 proved that Mn is an essential nutrient. ![]() Mn is an essential nutrient for both terrestrial plants and animals 1. These results suggest that excessive Mn accumulation causes IAA deficiency, and low IAA concentrations suppress plant growth by suppressing stomatal opening and leaf anatomical development for efficient CO 2 assimilation in leaves. Furthermore, indole acetic acid (IAA) concentration was decreased, and auxin-responsive gene expression analyses showed IAA-deficient symptoms in leaves due to excess Mn accumulation. In addition to stomatal dysfunction, stomatal and leaf anatomical development were also altered by excess Mn accumulation. We found that under excess Mn conditions, CO 2 assimilation was inhibited by stomatal closure, and both carbon anabolic and catabolic activities were decreased. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying symplastic Mn toxicity in rice plants. However, details of the relationship between growth defects and symplastic Mn toxicity remain elusive. Symplastic Mn toxicity is hypothesised to be more critical for growth defects. Mn toxicity can be classified into apoplastic and symplastic types depending on its onset. ![]() Despite the essentiality of Mn in terrestrial plants, its excessive accumulation in plant tissues can cause growth defects, known as Mn toxicity.
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